How To Respond To Workforce Diversity Challege Assignment

How To Respond To Workforce Diversity Challege - Assignment Example 196). Although the associates are interdependent parties in the workplace, respecting one’s individual differences can positively increase the organizational productivity. Workforce diversity can lead to reduction of lawsuits and boost marketing opportunities, creativity, business image, and recruitment. In a period when creativity and flexibility are the factors of competitiveness, diversity will be critical for the organization’s success (Erlenkamp 2007, p. 6). On the other hand, workforce diversity if not well managed can pose a serious challenge to this organization hence lowering the organization’s productivity. A senior manager should understand the challenges in managing workforce diversity in an organization. The manager should understand that managing workforce diversity is challenging than simply acknowledging employees' differences (Paludi 2012, p. 23). A senior manager should be able to recognize the values of all differences in the organization, prom oting inclusiveness, and combating discrimination. Diversity in the workplace has caused managers in the organization a challenge with losses in work productivity and personnel due to discrimination, prejudice, complaints, and legal accomplishments against the organization. Managers must use appropriate measures to respond to workforce diversity challenges (Cornelius 2002, p. 258). This is because diversity negative behaviors and attitudes can be obstacles to the organizational diversity because they harm employees working relationships, destroy morale, and work productivity. Required tool that senior managers should use to manage diversity Effective senior managers are conscious that, there are key skills that are necessary for ensuring a profitable,... The managerial and executive teams' commitment to an organization is necessary. Managers and leaders within organizations need to incorporate diversity measures into all aspects of the function and purpose of the organization. Diversity attitudes in an organization originate at the topmost level filtering downwards. Management participation and cooperation are essential to ensure a cultural conducive environment for the success of the organization’s plan. Recommendation: A senior manager should ensure utilization of diversity training in the organization. Diversity training should be in use in order to shape the organization’s diversity policy. Recommendation: A senior manager must promote an attitude of openness in the organization. This includes encouraging employees to speak out their opinions and ideas in order to attribute an equal value sense for all. Conclusion. A diverse workforce in an organization is a total reflection of a transforming marketplace and the wor ld. Diverse work groups bring positive values to an organization. Respecting the employees’ differences will be an added advantage in the workplace since this creates a competitive environment and increases the organization’s productivity. Workforce diversity management is advantageous to associates since it creates a safe and fair environment where all employees have access to challenges and opportunities. A diverse workforce management tool should be practiced to train all employees about issues of diversity.

English Constitution Essay Example for Free

English Constitution Essay The role of the courts and government in judicial review is to ensure that Public authorities act lawfully; all such authorities are subject to the rule of law and are not permitted to act ‘ultra vires’ (beyond their powers). The power that government has comes from powers granted to that authority by statute or delegated legislation. The Human Rights Act 1988 (HRA) created an additional ground s6(1) making it unlawful for public bodies to act in Ð ° way that is incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights. (ECHR)Since the seventeenth century, in the Case of Monopolies 1602 77 ER 1260 the courts have claimed the authority to inquire into the extent and limits of the Crown’s common law prerogative powers. Since 1700, the role of the courts in reviewing administrative and judicial decisions has been explained on the basis of the rule of law whereby any Act or decision was invalid because it was in breach of or unauthorised by the law, or was beyond the scope of the power given to the decision maker by the law (Sunstein, 2001). Limitations of Judicial Review Judicial review is limited to the examination of executive decision and decision made by government authorities; it is Ð ° constitutional function of the High Court to ensure that public bodies and government do not act unlawfully. It acts not in order to give effect to any private rights of the individual who made the application but in order to fulfil the role. It is the examination of Ð ° legal decision by Ð ° public body and it is not an appeal whereby Ð ° decision maybe substituted but Ð ° review of that decision only. Judicial review is only concerned with the lawfulness and not with the merits of Ð ° decision. Attorney General v Fulham Corporation, ex relatione Yapp [1921] whereby the High Court granted Ð ° declaration that the council had acted unlawfully and Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works (1863) 14 CB NS 180 that the council had acted unfairly and had failed to exercise their statutory power lawfully. The Primary Purpose of Judicial Review The primary purpose of judicial review was summarised by Lord Lindley MR in Roberts v Gwyrfai District Council [1899] 2 CH 608, 614: â€Å" I know of no duty of the Court which is more important to observe, and no power of the Court which is more important to enforce, than its power of keeping public bodies within their rights. The instant public and government bodies go beyond their constitutional rights they act so to damage and domination of private persons, and those individuals are allowed to be protected from harm arising from such operations of public bodies† (Sunstein, 2001 p47) In the case of Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374 (GCHQ Case), Lord Diplock observed that: â€Å"The theme of every judicial review is Ð ° judgment made by some person or government body whom I shall name the ‘decision mÐ °ker’ or else Ð ° refusÐ °l by him to mÐ °ke Ð ° decision† In latest years judicial review has extended to private bodies which can be said to exercise Ð ° public function, R v City Panel of Takeover and Mergers, ex parte Datafin Ltd [1987] 2 QB 815Lord Diplock stated in the GCHQ case, that three actions that give grounds for Judicial review are illegality, irrationality and procedural impropriety (Merrill, 2001). Illegality, for example Ð ° government body misinterpreting legislation Anismimic Ltd V Foreign Compensation [1969] 2 AC 147, or acting ultra vires (acting beyond its prescribed power) AG v Fulham Corporation case, or making Ð ° judicial error of fact R v Secretary of State for Home Department, ex parte Khawaja [1984] AC 74, or unlawfully delegating power or fettering discretion Port of London Authority, ex parte Kynoch Ltd [1919] 1 KB 176 or where power is exercised by someone who does not meet the qualifications laid down in the granting of power, the act must be considered illegal, Entick v Carrington (1765) 19 ST Tr 1030 and Allingham v The Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries [1948] 1 All ER 780. In Vine v The National Dock Labour Board [1957] AC 488 Lord Somervell of Harrow said that in deciding whether there is such Ð ° power, two factors have to be considered â€Å"the nature of power and the character of the person†Irrationality, the decision of Ð ° public body is irrational if it is ‘so unreasonable that no reasonable body could have come to the decision† Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corp [1948] 1 KB 223 or ‘so outrageous in its defiance of logic or accepted moral standards that no sensible person who applied his mind to the question could have arrived at the decision’ Lord Diplock GCHQ case, Unreasonableness includes acting for improper motives, failing to take account of relevant considerations, failing to respect the requirements of natural justice and fettering discretion by adopting Ð ° rigid policy. With irrationality the courts have moved on from reviewing the procedures by which Ð ° decision has been made and testing its legality to substituting the courts own view on the merits of the decisionThe standard of reasonableness imposed by the courts is high. If the standard were too low it would mean that judicial discretion was being substituted for administrative discretion (Merrill, 2001). However, the protection of human rights has allowed the courts to use jurisdiction to employ Ð ° stricter test than in other Wednesbury cases, R v Lord Saville of Newdigate ex parte Brind (no 2) [1991] 1 All ER 720 (Merrill, 2001).

Commincation Today :: Essays Papers

Commincation Today The business world today is more challenging than it ever has been. Effective communication is one of the many qualities one must have to succeed. It helps one present ideas, manage employees, and handle customers. Presenting ideas is what makes businesses grow and evolve. An idea, being a formulated thought or opinion, is hard to put into words at times. Knowing how to transfer one’s thoughts into words can become the most effective aspect in communication. For example, if one was to stumble over words and fill sentences with long pauses during a business proposal, that person is not as likely to close the deal as one who speaks fluently with a steady flow of thoughts and words. Communication also helps one to manage employees. Today’s work environment is filled with many types of people. One must know how to adapt to different races, languages, and cultures to effectively communicate. If an employee were deaf, it would be necessary to communicate using sign language so that person could fully comprehend the directions given. In addition to helping manage employees, communication also helps one to deal with customers. Customers vary in ways more than employees. Customers are not in a controlled environment and are accustomed to one adapting to their specific needs and wants. Depending on the specific wants at the time, some customers may be extremely irate or hostile. One must handle this type of customer with care and know that a different approach must be taken. Doing things such as talking in a soft voice may calm the customer down, thus enabling the customer to be more reasonable. Knowing simple things such as using a calmer voice enables one to effectively take control of the situation.

Hatshepsut

Hatshepsut Hatshepsut was one the greatest rulers of Ancient Egypt but her rise to power didn’t come without deceit and betrayal. As daughter of Thutmose I a great Ancient pharaoh and Ahmose his famous wife, Hatshepsut had a passion for power and the family blood to fulfil her dream. With Successful military campaigns, peaceful country and a thriving economy, Hatshepsut had all the components of a great Pharaoh but this did not come easy. How did the first woman pharaoh rule for over 2 decades? What made her such a successful ruler and how did a woman come to power in a male driven society? Hatshepsut was a unique personality which gained her power amongst the Egyptian people. Born in the 18th dynasty to Thutmose I and Ahmose, Hatshepsut had power and authority in her blood to rule a great and influential nation. Hatshepsut acquired this authority from the rule of her father which left great expectations for her since birth. Hatshepsut was sister to Princess Neterukheb and her two brothers Wadjmose and Amennose who had both died at a young age leaving Hatshepsut as heir the Dynasty. This didn’t last long as she was married off to her half brother Thutmose II at a young adolescent age. As a child, Hatshepsut was taught how to read and write hieroglyphics by the royal scribe. Hatshepsut questioned her requirement to be educated as it hadn’t occurred to her that one day she may become pharaoh. Throughout Hatshepsut’s rise to power she obtained various titles to her name. Hatshepsut inherited the title â€Å"God’s wife of Amon† from Queen Tetisheri which was then passed down to Hatshepsut’s Daughter, Neferure. But it is clear that her greatest title she ever acquired was not only Queen of Egypt but King of Upper and Lower Egypt. Hatshepsut gained this position after the death of her Pharaoh husband Thutmose II whom which they shared the same father Thutmose I. Thutmose II only reined for about 3 years before an unknown illness took his life. This left his son to a minor wife Thutmose III the heir to the throne at a very young age. Thutmose III was too young to rein so Hatshepsut took the title or regent with the young soon to be pharaoh. She then crowned herself co-regent and finally declared herself pharaoh of Egypt. During her reign Hatshepsut had a number of people which helped her gain the power in which she held. Senenmut was a close associate of Queen Hatshepsut during and before her reign. Senenmut first entered the royal court under the reign of Thutmose II which led him to an influential associate when Hatshepsut announced herself as pharaoh. Senenmut had a close relationship with not only king Hatshepsut but also with her daughter Neferure. There were scandals of an affair between Hatshepsut and Senenmut which were recorded in graffiti by the workmen building the temple. Their close relationship resulted in Senenmut supervising the erection of Hatshepsut’s main monuments at Deir el-Bahri and Karnak. Although Senenmut played a significant role in the royal court, towards the end of Hatshepsut’s reign Senenmut disappears from view. There are many theories to explain the disappearance or death of Senenmut. These include that Senenmut decided to leave Hatshepsut and join with Thutmose III after the death of Hatshepsut’s daughter Neferure. Speculation remains high with Senenmut’s two tombs empty and unused by the royal associate. Imagery and monuments of Senenmut were attacked or desecrated soon after his disappearance leaving the question was it Hatshepsut or Thutmose III. Hatshepsut may have attempted to remove him from history as he was seeking to join Thutmose III, or did Thutmose III remove Senenmut with the expectation that Hatshepsut would soon fall. As Hatshepsut was one of peace and prosperity she had ample time to build and restore important monuments to the people. Hatshepsut repaired many temples and chapels including the Temple of the Lady Cusae and the Temple of Thoth. Many of her buildings were built for Amun-Re as he was her claimed father and Hatshepsut wanted to re-establish her connection with Amun-Re. But it is clear that her main achievements came from the new monuments at Deir el-Bahri and Karnak. The Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahri is one of Hatshepsut’s most recognised building projects. With its main dedication to the God Amun it also has parts dedicated to the God Anubis and Goddess Hathor. Located west of the great capital Thebes and designed and supervised by the royal associate Senenmut, Hatshepsut had created a master piece. Hatshepsut was particular about where the building was going to be placed but after numerous strategic calculations, Hatshepsut decided on Deir el-Bahri. It was positioned on the axis of the great temple at Karnak and in the sacred valley to the principal feminine goddess whom was connected with the funeral world. The most astonishing feature is that the temple stood in a straight line from the tomb which the Queen had proclaimed hers and had it excavated in the Valley of Kings. The temple consists of two ramps which lead to three layered terraces with the magnificent cliffs and the Valley of Kings as a background (See image 1). The three layered terraces reach 30m in height or 97 feet. Each of the Terraces is precisely constructed by a double colonnade of square piers and all the terraces are connected by long ramps. Hatshepsut still contained the classical Theban appearance with courts, a chapel, sun court and a sanctuary. On both sides of the entrance (See Image 2) are pillars which depict images of Hathor as the capitals. Under the roof line is in image of Wadjet who is the Goddess of Lower Egypt, Papyrus and the Protector of the Pharaoh. She is displayed as a two sided solar symbol and bordered by two long serpents. Hatshepsut often depicted herself as a male pharaoh by wearing false beards and the traditional male regalia of previous Egyptian Kings. She would often wear a Khat head cloth and false beard to show her power and to persuade the public that she was capable of performing a male role. She would wear a Shendyt kilt as depicted in many statues in the temple. Often Portrayed as a male it did not mean that she denied her female gender. Depicting herself as a male authority was a show to foreign rulers to respect her as a male and to gain acceptance among the Egyptian population. The temple at Deir el-Bahri includes an image that depicts Hatshepsut as a male pharaoh (see image 3) which shows her giving offerings to Horus the ancient sky god. Once stood statues and ornaments throughout the temple but they have since been stolen or destroyed by other pharaoh’s or robbers. It previously housed two statues of Osiris, an avenue lined by sphinxes and the many statues and sculptures of Pharaoh Hatshepsut. Hatshepsut led many expeditions but one of the most famous is the expedition to Punt. Hatshepsut took pride in announcing the departure of 5 Phoenician style ships to Punt which is now modern day Somalia. It was the first time in 500 years that the voyage had been embarked on. Punt was â€Å"God’s Land† as its terraced land was theoretically represented by the lands of gods. It is suggested that a French scholar Auguste Mariette believed that Hatshepsut’s Temple Deir el-Bahri represented the land of gods by being constructed in terraces like designs. The scenes of the expedition to Punt were carved on the walls at Deir el-Bahri on the Middle Colonnade opposite the Divine Birth Scenes representing and indicating the importance of the Expedition. The Expedition to Punt was most likely for trade with inner Africa rather than conquest of the rival civilisation. The trip was made to please her god Amun and fulfil his wishes of have a Myrrh tree in the garden of Amun. Amun had indicated that he would like to walk among them so Hatshepsut obeyed. Hatshepsut did not go on the voyage to Punt but she sent her official Nehesi and a selection of Egyptian soldiers. Sending the soldiers indicated that Hatshepsut had an army. The cargo of the ships included gold, ebony, elephant tusks, monkeys, baboons, panther skins, greyhounds and many trees. The cargo also included slaves and their young dependable family. When the fleet landed on the shores of Thebes, Hatshepsut and an elongated line of people marched the fleet. Hatshepsut was never far off making yet another dedication to Amun and she dedicated the best of the traded produce to Amun. The incense trees were planted in the open area of the central pathway at Deir el-Bahri. A stump of the tree is still able to be seen today. Hatshepsut was such a successful Pharaoh as she continued to re-establish a strong link with the god Amun which reassured the people that she was fit to be pharaoh. Hatshepsut created a thriving economy which created stability for the Egyptian people. Hatshepsut had many followers which made her rule so successful, for example Senenmut who supported throughout her reign till the unexplained disappearance shortly before she fell to Thutmose III. When Hatshepsut lost her throne and Thutmose III became Pharaoh of Upper and Lower Egypt, Thutmose III attempted to remove every written and visual piece of evidence to suggest that she was never pharaoh. In lists of the 18th dynasty pharaohs, Hatshepsut was often left off the list and her face hacked and cut out of art works depicting her as a pharaoh. Sculptures of Hatshepsut were removed and replaced with other Pharaoh statues and her name hacked out of carved writings. Thutmose III did everything in his power to remove her from history and yet she still is one of the most known Pharaohs of Egypt. Her accomplishments were triumphant making her a successful and respected Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. Discussion-the availability of sources was ample as Hatshepsut is such a well known Pharaoh as she wasn’t just Queen she was King who ruled for over 2 decades. Different sites have different information for example one site will say that she ruled for 18 years and another will say 22 years. For the essay I had to take an opinion and use it in the essay as it was my piece of writing. Interpretations of images at various temples are different and you have to combine them to gain a complete understanding of the image. Appendix Image 1: Image 2: Image 3: | Bibliography: -NNDB tracking the entire world http://www. nndb. com/people/265/000162776/ Date accessed 6/5/2011 -Hatshepsut http://www. king-tut. org. uk/egyptian-pharaohs/hatshepsut. htm Date accessed 6/5/2011 -Hatshepsut – J. G. A. H. L. K. http://www. richeast. org/htwm/Hat/hat. html Date accessed 6/5/2011 -Hatshepsut – Caroline Seawright http://www. thekeep. rg/~kunoichi/kunoichi/themestream/hatshepsut. html Date accessed 7/5/2011 -Senenmut http://ib205. tripod. com/senenmut_2. html Date accessed 7/5/2011 – Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut http://www. bluffton. edu/~sullivanm/egypt/deirelbahri/deirelbahri. html Date accessed 9/5/2011 -Midland Travel Tours http://www. comeseeegypt. com/hatsut. htm Date accessed 13/5/2010 -Hatshepsut first great woman in history http://www. all-about-egypt. com/hatshepsut. html Date accessed 13/5/2011 -Voyage to Punt http://www. camdenh. schools. nsw. edu. au/pages/Faculties/History/ancient/Hatshepsut/Voyage%20to%20Punt. html Date accessed 19/5/2011 Hatshepsut #301 Hatshepsut Hatshepsut was the fourth female pharaoh in Egyptian history, and was considered one of the greatest rulers, male or female, of her time. As Pharaoh, she encouraged trade and sent a voyage to the land of Punt, sponsored a vast building project in Egypt, added to the temple of Amon at Karnak, and commissioned her famous mortuary temple, Deir el-Bahri, decorated with her most impressive achievements. She is renowned for being strong and assertive, whilst also fair and just. The many reliefs and paintings in this temple serve as sources from which we can draw conclusions about her life and her reign. Hatshepsut was the daughter of King Thutmose I and his wife, Queen Ahmose, and married her half-brother, King Thutmose II. When King Thutmose II died after a short rule, Hatshepsut’s stepson Thutmose III inherited the throne. However, as Thutmose III was considered too young to rule, Hatshepsut served as his regent. Shortly afterwards, some sources say Hatshepsut claimed the throne for herself, whereas others say that she ruled with Thutmose III as a diarchy. The birth and coronation scenes at Deir el-Bahri show Hatshepsut's divine birth, although they have been greatly damaged, supposedly due to a vengeful Thutmose III. According to the scenes, Amon (a prominent god in Upper Egypt) goes to a sleeping Ahmose in the form of Thutmose I and awakens her with pleasant odours. At this point Amon places the ankh, a symbol of life, to Ahmose's nose, and Hatshepsut is conceived. From this source, historians have been able to decipher that in order to justify her leadership, Hatshepsut claimed that she’d had a divine birth. In these scenes Hatshepsut is shown as a young boy, and through her claim of divinity she won the support of the priests. To further strengthen her position, the oracle of Amon was published on the walls of her tomb, stating, â€Å"Welcome my sweet daughter, my favorite, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, Hatshepsut. Thou art the Pharaoh, taking possession of the Two Lands. † She also claimed that she was her father’s intended heir and had the following commissioned on the walls of her temple: ‘Then his majesty said to them: â€Å"This daughter of mine, Khnumetamun Hatshepsut, may she live! I have appointed as my successor upon my throne†¦ he shall direct the people in every sphere of the palace; it is she indeed who shall lead you. Obey her words, unite yourselves at her command. † The royal nobles, the dignitaries, and the leaders of the people heard this proclamation of the promotion of his daughter, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, may she live eternally. ’ Hatshepsut is regarded as one of the most outstanding of Egypt’s female rule rs, and was the first to assume the Godship with the Kingship. She was often portrayed wearing the double crown, indicating sovereignty over the lands of both Upper and Lower Egypt. In many representations she has been shown wearing masculine attire and a traditional false beard, although it is unlikely that the false beard was actually worn, as opposed to being strictly an artistic convention. Statues such as those at the Metropolitan Museum of Art depicting her seated wearing a tight-fitting dress and the nemes crown are a more accurate depiction of how she would have presented herself. Hatshepsut took great pride in the trading expedition she sent to Punt in around year nine of her reign. We know that she regarded it as one of her major achievements as she had it carved on the middle colonnade walls at Deir el-Bahri. Reliefs show that exotic goods such as myrrh trees, frankincense, oils, ivory, ebony and animal skins were brought back and offered to Amon-ra. Inscriptions state, â€Å"the ships were laden with the costly products of the Land of Punt and with its many valuable woods, with very much sweet-smelling resin and frankincense, with quantities of ebony and ivory†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There is another scene in which Hatshepsut is offering these products to Amon-Ra, with inscriptions showing him praising her and promising success for future expeditions. This evidence reinforces Hatshepsut’s obedience to the Gods, as well as showing her power and confidence in her officials to plan and undertake such a voyage. During her reign, Hatshepsut built a rock temple, now known as Speos Artemidos and dedicated it to the Goddess Pakhet. On the facade above the entrance there is an inscription in which she complains about the damage done during the reign of the â€Å"Asiatics of Auaris†, three generations before her reign, and reports, â€Å"I have raised up what was destroyed†. She claims full responsibility for rebuilding Egypt, and has inscribed, â€Å"My command stands firm like the mountains and the sun disk shines†. Hatshepsut also constructed four obelisks at the Temple of Karnak, one of which remains standing today at 29. 6m high, weighing 320 tonnes. It is inscribed with, â€Å"O ye people who see this monument in years to come and speak of that which I have made, beware lest you say, ‘I know not why it was done'. I did it because I wished to make a gift for my father Amun, and to gild them with electrum. Author and broadcaster Joyce Tyldesley teaches Egyptology at Manchester University, and is Honorary Research Fellow at the School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, Liverpool University. She states that, â€Å"By promoting the cult of Amon, she was effectively reinforcing her own position and promoting herself. † Early on with the lack of evidence or inscriptions it appeared as though Hatshepsut was a pacifist and didnâ⠂¬â„¢t undertake any great battles. J. A Wilson in â€Å"The Culture of Ancient Egypt† states that, â€Å"She records no military campaigns†. However Redford in â€Å"History and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty† states there were four to six campaigns. These included a campaign to Nubia, possibly by the Queen herself in the early period of her reign, a small battle in Palestine/Syria and two campaigns by Thutmose III shortly before her death invading Gaza and Nubia. Hatshepsut emphasises her military role by referring to upgrading the army and portraying herself as a traditional warrior-pharaoh sphinx. An inscription at Speos Artemidos reads, â€Å"My might causing the foreign countries to bow down, because the uraeus that is upon my forehead pacifies all the lands for me. â€Å"My army, which was unequipped, has become possessed of riches since I arose as king. † Hatshepsut died in 1458 BC during her twenty-second regal year; no record of her cause of death has survived. There were no bodies in Hatshepsut's tomb in the Valley of the Kings when archaeologist Howard Carter unearthed it in 1903. However, an unidentified female mummy, found with Hatshepsut's wet nurse Sitre, and with her arms posed in the traditional burial style of pharaoh, lead to the speculation of the discovery of Hatshepsut’s remains. In June 2007, a molar was found with Hatshepsut’s organs and was matched with a gap in the mummy’s teeth. DNA tests were run, which established her identity and the theory was confirmed. â€Å"We are 100 percent sure,† said Zahi Hawass, secretary general of Egypt's Supreme Council on Antiquities, when asked about the mummy. Tests of her mummified tissue showed that Hatshepsut died of bone cancer around the age of 50. She also suffered from diabetes and was obese. Many primary sources related to Hatshepsut are most likely biased. For example sources from her temple Deir el-Bahri could be considered subjective as she was alive when they were made and she had herself portrayed as divine, as was common for Pharaohs. These sources should only be relied upon to an extent, as they are open to interpretation. Individuals’ interpretations may also be biased and influenced by personal opinions and views. Sources from this time are also quite heavily damaged due to the fact that after Hatshepsut died, Thutmose III supposedly had her name and representations chiselled away from temple walls, and replaced with those of Thutmose I, II and III. The statues and sphinxes she had built in her temple were broken to pieces and thrown away. However, as with most sources, there has been controversy in interpretation. Both Gardiner and Wilson argue that as soon as the Queen died, Thutmose III, in hatred, immediately destroyed her name and monuments so as to obliterate her name and memory forever. However, recent research by historian Nims argues that the damage was not done until the year 42, when Thutmose III replaced Hatshepsut’s cartouche with his own. This leaves us speculative, if he hated her so much, why would he wait 20 years for his revenge? All new kingdom Pharaohs altered or destroyed some buildings of their predecessors, including Hatshepsut with the Temple of Karnak. New theories suggest that by erasing the cartouche of Hatshepsut and replacing it with that of Thutmose I or II, he was merely trying to legitimise his right to the throne by emphasising his links to these previous Pharaohs. Inscriptions often refer to both Hatshepsut and Thutmose III as Pharaohs, and show that Hatshepsut gave Thutmose III important roles leading the military. These sources lead us to believe that the relationship between Hatshepsut and Thutmose III may not have been hateful, as many sources state, and they may have indeed ruled as a diarchy. They also highlight the controversy often encountered in the interpretation of sources in general. Bibliography: J. G. , A. H. and L. K. 1998, Hatshepsut, Viewed May 1 2011, http://www. richeast. org/htwm/Hat/hat. html Jane Carlson, 1998, Hatshepsut, Queen of Egypt, Viewed May 1 2011, http://www. thenagain. info/webchron/africa/Hatshepsut. html Author unknown, 2010, The Immaculate Birth of Queen Hatshepsut, Viewed May 1 2011, http://kemetichistoryofafrikabluelotus. blogspot. com/2010/04/immaculate-birth-of-queen-hatshepsut. html Author unknown, Date of publication unknown, Pharaoh Maatkare Hatshepsut, Viewed May 1 2011, http://www. rystalinks. com/egypthatshepsut. html Patricia L O’Neill, Date of publication unknown, Her Majesty The King, Viewed May 2 2011, http://hermajestytheking. com/faq. htm Author unknown, date of publication unknown, Voyage to Punt, Viewed May 2 2011, http://www. camden-h. schools. nsw. edu. au/pages/Faculties/History/ancient/Hatshepsut/Voyage%20to%20Pun t. html Sayed Z. El-Sayed, 1995, Queen Hatshepsut’s Expedition to The Land of Punt: The First Oceanographic Cruise? , Viewed May 10 2011, http://ocean. tamu. edu/Quarterdeck/QD3. 1/Elsayed/elsayedhatshepsut. tml National Geographic, 2010, Egypt’s Female Pharaoh Revealed By Chipped Tooth, Experts Say, Viewed May 10 2011, http://news. nationalgeographic. com/news/bigphotos/60526950. html Dr. Karl H. Leser, 2009, Speos Artimidos/Beni Hassan, Viewed May 25 2011, http://www. maat-ka-ra. de/english/bauwerke/speos_artemidos/speos_artemidos. htm Jimmy Dunn, date of publication unknown, Karnak in Thebes (Modern Luxor), Viewed May 25 2011, http://www. touregypt. net/karnak. htm Dr Joyce Tyldesley, 2011, Hatshepsut and Thuthmosis: A royal Feud? , Viewed June 3 2011,

The Four Ps of Creativity

An Analyse of a Significant Creative and Innovative Thinker in Terms of the Four Ps A concept labelled as the ‘Four Ps’ has been used to help understand the influential factors around creative beings and how these factors influence their final creative products. According to Mel Rhodes in his book An Analysis of Creativity (1961) these Four Ps; person, place, process and product are the underlying factors of creativity itself. By understanding how the 4 Ps work we are able to venturing into the life of a creative thinker and conduct and analysis of there creativity. In this case we will look at a German media artist, Tom Tykwer who has constructed a variety of unique films due to his high level of creativity. This creativity has been shaped by the Four Ps or in other words, his individual characteristics, the environment he is surrounded by and the particular processes he under took in order to create his productions. In this analysis we will begin with the first P, Person. The personal attributes of someone influences ideas and how these ideas are produced into being. Determination, imagination and curiosity are all personal attributes found in a creative artist (Sternberg 1988). Born in 1965 (The Auteurs 2010), Tom Tykwer always had a strong passion for filmmaking, making his first films at the age of eleven. His friends where unfortunately vaguely interested in his products (Haase 2007) yet this did not stop him from creating. After High School Tykwer failed to receive a place in almost all of the film schools in Europe (Haase 2007) though his determination to make films did not allow this fall back to prevent him from achieve his ambitions. Tykwer merely created his own film studio in which he could create at his own accord. The act reflects Tykwer’s ability to think of alternative situations which is a highly regarded creative personality trait (Sternberg 1988). When Tykwer was a child the first film he viewed was Peter Pan (Haase 2007). The possibility of a parallel world struck Tykwer as fascinating and became his first inspiration in film making. Peter Pan sparked an imaginative streak in Tykwer which entranced him for almost 30 years. His imagination is what defines his earlier films, such as Lola Rennt and True, two movies which expanded the realms of reality through innovative techniques and unique narrative structure. In regards to curiosity every single one of Tykwer’s movies, short and long, reflect a high level of experimentation and risks to portray his own personal feelings and willingness to manipulate media to create magnificent effects. Another key feature about Tykwer is that he calls upon varies types of film genres. He claimed, ‘I like everything that speaks to me loudly, and that gives me a vision. I don’t care about the genre’ (Tom Tykwer 2010a). This is reflected in all his productions as he uses a mixture of crime and thrill (_Perfume_) romance (_Truth__)_ and action (_The International) _ to portray his ideas. His desire to not stick to just one style of film demonstrates a large amount of curiosity and desire to experiment with ideas and cinematic styles. Tykwer demonstrated a high level of curiosity for film at an early age, something along with imagination and determination is an essential aspect to creativity. The second P, place, also has a profound impact on creativity. Place includes the environment which a person is surrounded by and the influence this has upon someone’s creative ability. The German director was brought up surrounded by a modern and artistic culture. The fall of the Berlin wall in 1990 was a significant cultural movement in Germany (The Guardian 2010), further enhancing modernisation, innovation and artistic products which expressed revolution and a movement to new approaches to life. Berlin was fuming with a large variety of artistic expression inspired by the strong political change. Movement such as feminism became popular, something which is reflected in Tykwer’s film with the constant use of a female main character. For example, Deadly Maria 1993, Winter Sleeper 1997 and Run Lola Run 1999. Working as a projectionist at a Berlin Art Cinema Movement, allowed him to be continually exposed to a variety of artistic films (Tykwer 2010a). Here Tykwer met the first person that was too help him develop his film career, an independent film maker in the late eighties called Rosa von Praunheim (Cowie 2010a). This man strongly influenced Tykwer’s approach to film making and Tykwer’s first film displayed many of the stylistic and thematic trademarks that his other movies now contain. It was after this that Tykwer created his own film company, X Filme (Tykwer 2010b) and was able to keep his own artistic licence. Many directors who allow funding from more mainstream production companies tend to lose artistic licence. Artistic licence is simply the amount of say the director has within the creation of their film. Tykwer felt strongly about keeping his films very personal giving him the label of an Auteur (Clarke 2006). The belief that directors should have complete artistic control is what separates him from other directors/filmmakers. Tykwer created what he wanted too, not what others did. This promoted his creativity immensely as his imagination is able to run wild. Environment is known to change throughout someone’s life constantly. A brief overview of artist Brice Marden in Imagination First: Unlocking the Power of Possibility by authors Eric Liu and Scott Noppe-Brandon (2009) reflects the importance of how specific surroundings affect creativity. Marden was a minimalist painter (Liu and Noppe-Brandon 2009) with a very distinctive technique. This technique was modified greatly when the artist decided to travel through Asia. He picked up specific cultural techniques which he saw to be fascinating and from then on allowed them to define his works of art. In relation to Tom Tykwer, Germany was his first cultural influence upon his productions allowing his products to reflect the strong cultural movement at the time. In the last few years, Tykwer has developed a more American approach to film making, something which can be reflected in his latest movie The International as he is surrounded by a strong American influence. Tykwer has removed himself from his independent film company, X-Filme, and has allowed more commercial industries to take hold of him. The International and _Perfume: A Story of a Murderer _separated themselves from Tykwer’s other films as their narratives are linear and contain a more acceptable style of cinematic photograph and realism. This shows that the director has lost a part of his own artistic licence as he has teamed up with Commercial film producers (Internet Date Base 2010a; Internet Data Base 2010b). Here we can see how the surrounding environment of someone can both excel or hinder creative ability. The third P, Process is the particular actions taken in order for a creative product to come to life. In media this has a very practical sense and is to do with the measures taken to overcome obstacles that restrict a creative thought coming to life. Process consists mostly of the production and post-production phases of media, such as filming and editing. Independent films, due to their lack of popularity are given less money compared to mass-produced films. For example, the limited budget of Run Lola Run influenced its editing, the way in which it was filmed and how it was filmed. Tykwer received a budget of only $2 million (Cowie 2010b). In comparison the Blockbuster The Dark Knight had an estimated budget of $185 million (Whitaker 2010). Special effects such as CGI are used in the Blockbuster in large quantities as well as High Definition film and hundreds of extras. In Lola the case was different and alternative techniques where required in order to overcome the budget restrictions. The lack of money permitted Tykwer to only 200 extras. This created difficulties particularly during the first two minutes of the movie. The title ‘_Lola Rennt’ _is spelt out by extras, each letter being filmed separately then contrasted together in post-production. ) In Matthew May’s In Pursuit of Elegance (May 2009) he talks about the innovative creation of Ronnie Stuiver , who designed a water pump with a merry-go-round which is ‘powered by play’ (May 2009, 173) in order to entertain the children of South Africa as they watch their mothers retain water from the water hole. May uses Stuiver as an examp le to explain that we can overcome specific obstacles in our surroundings if we can observe and are determined (May 2009, 174). Like Tykwer, Stuiver expands his ideas and overcomes restrictions (May 2009, 174). In South Africa, villagers would have to wait for the wind in order for their pumps to work, Stuiver created an alternative which not only overcame the problem, but also entertained. This ability to overcome specific obstacles yet still up hold a level of entertainment for an audience is essential in movie making. Tykwer over looks his budget and manages to create exceptional alternatives in order for his productions to come to life, reflecting his amazing creativity. As stated in Cropley’s Fostering Creativity, ‘Creativity involves systematic and purposeful thinking not blind generation of novelty. (Cropely 2009, 68) Finally the fourth P, product. Product involves the final outcome and result of each creative production (Scritchfield 1999). There are three main characteristics in regards to product, these being ‘novelty, resolution and synthesis’ (Besemer and O’Quin 1987). Novelty being the uniqueness of the product, resolution includes the products response to the challenge it was created for and synthesis includes whether the product is used for something other than what it was created for (Scritchfield 1999). In regards to novelty (Scritchfield 1999), all of Tykwer’s productions have been made with innovative techniques and styles to reflect both person and place. His films have captured audience around the world due to their originality. When if comes to resolution, Tykwer’s films where created to express his own ideas and thoughts about the surrounding world. The ability to work in his own film studio for the majority of his films has permitted this task to be very successful. Lastly, synthesis applies strongly to all of Tykwer’s products. Each has an added value of entertainment and an ability to promote curiosity due to their avant-garde feel. The Four P’s are closely intertwined, each influencing each other incredibly, operating simultaneously. Person, place and process all determine the outcome of a creative product in any area of expertise. In regards to media art, as demonstrated by Tom Tykwer’s analysis, it is the personality of a director, their environment and processes which influence their techniques and ideas reflected within their production. In conclusion, creativity is not something that is simply just there. It is influenced by a series of surrounding factors which determine why, what and how something is created. The Four P’s are an excellent way to determine what creativity is and how it is developed. REFERENCE LIST Besemer S. P and O’Quin, K. 1987. Creative product analysis: Testing a model by developing a judging instrument. In Frontiers of Creativity research: Beyond the basic_s, ed. _S. G. Isaksen. 341-379. Buffalo: Bearly Limited. Clarke, David. 2006. Tom Tykwer as an Auteur. Gfl_ Journal. _3: 7. http://www. gfl-journal. de/3-2006/clarke. df (accessed 14/5/10) Cowie, Peter. 2010a. Because_ (short film). _Tom Tykwer. http://www. tomtykwer. com/Filmography/Because-short-film (accessed 23/4/10) Cowie, Peter. 2010b. Run Lola Run. _ _Tom Tykwer http://www. tomtykwer. com/Filmography/Run-Lola-Run (accessed 23/4/10) Cropley, Arthur and David Cropley, 2009. Fostering Creativity, 67-77. NJ: Hampton Press. Reprinted in Creativity and Innovation Reader (FDN101)2010. Murdoch: Mu rdoch University. Haase, Christine. Bambi, Zombie, Gandhi. In When Keimat meets Hollywood: German Filmmakers and America 1985-2005. 63. USA: Camden House. Internet Movie Data Base. 2010a. The_ International. _http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0963178/ (accessed 12/5/10) Internet Movie Data Base. 2010b. _Perfume: A Story of a Murder. http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0396171/ . __ _(accessed 12/5/10) Liu, Eric, and Noppe-Brandon, Scott. 2009. Imagination First: Unlocking the Power of Possibility. 177-179. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons. May, Matthew. 2009. _In Pursuit of Elegance. 172-175. NY: Broadway Books. Reprinted in Creativity and Innovation Reader (FDN101)2010. Murdoch: Murdoch University. Rhodes, Mel. 1961. An Analysis of Creativity. Phi Delta Kappan. 42. 305-310 Scritchfield, Michael Lee. 1999. _The Creative Person, Product, Process and Press: The 4P's. _. The International Center for Studies in Creativity. http://www. buffalostate. edu/orgs/cbir/readingroom/html/Scritchfield-99 . html (accessed 6/5/10) Sternberg, R. ed. 1988. The Nature of _Creativity. _434. New York: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted in Creativity and Innovation Reader (FDN101)2010. Murdoch: Murdoch University. The Auteurs. 2010. Tom Tykwer. http://www. theauteurs. om/cast_members/1013 (accessed 11/4/10) The Guardian. 2010_ _. Fall of the Berlin Wall: 20th anniversary celebrations. http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/blog/2009/nov/09/berlin-wall-anniversary-celebrations (accessed 14/5/10) Tykwer, Tom. 2010a. Biography. _ _Tom Tykwer. http://www. tomtykwer. com/Biography . (accessed 13/5/10) Tykwer, Tom. 2010b. _Music. Tom Tykwer. _http://www. tomtykwer. com/Music . (accessed 14/5/10) Whitaker, Bill . 2010. Filming the â€Å"Dark Knight†. _ _CBS News. http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2008/07/13/sunday/main4256384. shtml (Accessed: 28/4/10)

Free Essays on Aquarius

Aquarius Aquarius is a member of the Zodiac, a group of constellations that the sun travels through each year. It is best viewed in the fall in the southern sky, although much of the northern hemisphere can see the Water bearer in the spring. Aquarius in one of the oldest constellation in the sky. In Greek myth, Aquarius was a Ganymede, he was kidnapped by Zeus. Zeus sent his eagle, Aquila, to snatch Ganymede out of the fields where the boy was watching over his sheep. Ganymede would become the cupbearer for the Olympian gods. The constellation, crater, is often thought to be Ganymede’s cup. The Sumerians also believed that Aquarius brought on a sort of global flood. Also, many of the stars that make up Aquarius have names that refer to good luck. This is most likely due to the time of the year when the sun would rise in Aquarius. It happened to be at the same time when the rainy season began in the Middle East. You have to use some imagination to see a figure of a boy in the sky. Look at the constellation in the same position as this one. The head is on the right end. Moving left you can see what could be and arm dangling down. Going left more and you get to the lower half of the body, the legs are bent. This may represent the position of Ganymede while being carried by Aquaila to Mount Olympus. There are three globular clusters in Aquarius that may be viewed through a small telescope. The planetary nebula, named the Saturn Nebula, is also in the Water bearer†¦. It is so named because it looks like the planet Saturn when viewed through a telescope. The closest and brightest planetary nebula is the Helix Nebula, located directly east of the â€Å"foot†.... Free Essays on Aquarius Free Essays on Aquarius Aquarius Aquarius is a member of the Zodiac, a group of constellations that the sun travels through each year. It is best viewed in the fall in the southern sky, although much of the northern hemisphere can see the Water bearer in the spring. Aquarius in one of the oldest constellation in the sky. In Greek myth, Aquarius was a Ganymede, he was kidnapped by Zeus. Zeus sent his eagle, Aquila, to snatch Ganymede out of the fields where the boy was watching over his sheep. Ganymede would become the cupbearer for the Olympian gods. The constellation, crater, is often thought to be Ganymede’s cup. The Sumerians also believed that Aquarius brought on a sort of global flood. Also, many of the stars that make up Aquarius have names that refer to good luck. This is most likely due to the time of the year when the sun would rise in Aquarius. It happened to be at the same time when the rainy season began in the Middle East. You have to use some imagination to see a figure of a boy in the sky. Look at the constellation in the same position as this one. The head is on the right end. Moving left you can see what could be and arm dangling down. Going left more and you get to the lower half of the body, the legs are bent. This may represent the position of Ganymede while being carried by Aquaila to Mount Olympus. There are three globular clusters in Aquarius that may be viewed through a small telescope. The planetary nebula, named the Saturn Nebula, is also in the Water bearer†¦. It is so named because it looks like the planet Saturn when viewed through a telescope. The closest and brightest planetary nebula is the Helix Nebula, located directly east of the â€Å"foot†....

Fredrick Douglas-Book Report essays

Fredrick Douglas-Book Report essays This book opens the eyes of the reader to the real life that the slaves experienced, although it does not give a fully accurate description. It causes the reader to marvel at the simplicity, yet complexity of the life of an American slave. All of the below are used to give an analysis over the books views, and dont necessarily reflect my personal views. The book opens describing an almost blurring view of Douglas past. It tells of his familys separation, and how life on the farm was not based on families, but on groups that could come and go with the blink of an eye. This is different than the views that are often given. Life as a slave was different than one may think, slaveholders felt that the slaves needed to be kept in line, and shouldnt be given even a slight opportunity to have personal feelings or ideas. The slaves were almost considered like machines. Even, perhaps, the entire slave population was considered like one big machine. Separate components may be replaced and may perform different functions, but it didnt matter exactly who performed a task, just as long as it was finished. The break in this ideology is when Douglas is sent to work for a relative and then yet another relative. However, as soon as his original master dies, Douglas is required back on the ranch for a property tally. Soon, Douglas is require d to work in the fields for the first time in his life. This is a shocking difference from what one may expect. The normal thought of somebody who had not studied is that slaves didnt have special opportunities, and would work in the fields for their entire life. He (Douglas) was sent to somebody to be broken in, just like a boot. During this processes, a slave would get beat more than they had ever been before, and would have to learn how to do the necessary work. After this, Douglas was shipped from farm to farm, for a year or two at a time. Again,...

Admin Assistants Develop your phone skills for the office

Admin Assistants Develop your phone skills for the office You may think having an excellent phone manner is an outdated relic- after all, wont everyone just email if they want something? Not necessarily- if youre in an admin or customer service field, talking on the phone might still be a part of your everyday reality. And even if youre not, a good phone manner never goes out of style and can add a veneer of professionalism to your image in whatever job you do.Here are a few tips on how to be a boss at manning ye olde telephone.Have a formal greeting.Unless you know it’s your coworker Bob, or your spouse, or your boss calling you back after getting disconnected, come up with a professional way to answer calls. Be polite and informative: â€Å"Good morning/afternoon/evening. [Name of Company.] [Your name] speaking .† If you’re serving in an operator capacity, you can add something along the lines of â€Å"How may I direct your call?† It may seem silly, but it helps to think of a few variations and try them out lou d to pick the one that comes most naturally.Only answer if youre ready to talk.That means answering promptly (not making someone wait for 14 rings), but also making sure not to answer if you have your mouth full of coffee or lunch or if there’s a big commotion going on at your desk. If someone is calling you they want to you to hear what they have to say and respond with clarity.Take excellent messages.If you’re answering the phone for more than just yourself, make sure you take good messages. Work out with your boss the exact information you should get from everyone who calls. Never be too shy to ask for spelling clarification on a name or email address, or return phone number information.Leave excellent messages.If you hit an answering machine, speak slowly and clearly. Give your name and contact info at the beginning and again at the end so the person jotting down your details won’t have to listen to the whole thing again to get your number if they missed it at the beginning. Be succinct, but don’t leave out any important or relevant details- such as the reason for your call. Spell things you think might be garbled, especially by bad cell reception.Charm and disarm.Anger and frustration can magnify over the phone, especially when you cant throw an empathetic facial expression the way of someone ranting and raving. If youre in a position to deal with difficult or outraged clients or customers, youll have to pacify with your words. First and foremost, let the person know youre listening (I hear how upset you are and I understand why.). Then, let him or her know you will try to get to the root of the problem and fix it. Shouting back and getting snippy or curt will not help- it will usually only incense the caller more. Most people just want to be heard.Use names.Whenever possible, throw in the name of the person you are speaking to. Addressing someone this way makes a professional conversation feel more personal and less remote. Yo u don’t have to feel distant just because you’re not in the room together. And this goes both ways- make sure to always identify yourself early on with your own full name!Be sincere and kind.Having a good phone manner doesn’t mean being a phony. Sure, you should be cheerful, enunciate clearly, and speak articulately, but don’t put on a persona that isn’t anything like your true self. Be the best and brightest professional version of yourself while being as genuine and as frank as possible.  People can hear a lot of body language through the phone, and smiling is the clearest way to communicate positivity.

Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 - Essay Example The appellant drank the beer and only realized that there were remains of decomposed snail when she was about to finish taking the ginger beer. The appellant claimed that at the time of noticing the remains of the decomposed snail, it made her suffer from shock and complications related with gastro enteritis. She therefore sued the manufacturers of the beer for breach of duty of care and for being negligent giving rise to the appeal case to be determined. This case set the base for negligence cases and the factors that must be determined in order that it is established. The importance of the Donoghue case is that it set a foundation for cases based on breach of duty of care and the requirement for payment of damages and liability in case of a breach of duty of care. Donohue argued that the respondent as a manufacturer of a product meant for human consumption and that it should ensure that any foodstuff that it packaged in its products were fit for human consumption and not noxious in nature. ... The fact that it was bottled by the respondent and labeled with his name and the bottle sealed, it was upon the respondent to ensure that they have a system that would stop the snails from getting into the bottle. She therefore contended that the failure by the respondent to take these precautions led to her predicament and therefore it should be held liable for negligence. The respondent Mr Stevenson argued that as a producer of a product, he had no duty that it owed to its customers apart from that that comes about due to contractual obligations. He argued that the case would introduce a new principle that was not present previously, that of goods that are intended for human consumption sold to the public in a form in which it would have been difficult to investigate. Previously, the exception in such cases were that the goods should have been deemed to be dangerous in the strictest sense and if the manufacturer knew of the danger in the good. The decision in this case was not unan imous as some of the judges dissented. Lord Buckmaster and Lord Tomlin dissented from the judgment and dismissed the appeal on the basis of the case of Mullin v Barr1 where Lord Anderson stated that in cases where the goods of the defendant are those with a wider distribution all over Scotland. Moreover, it would be imprudent to make them liable for every other claims by the plaintiffs or the members of the public as they would be made to pay for the damages incurred which could not be possibly investigated. By citing the case of Winterbottom v Wright2, Lord Tomlin argued that allowing the appeal would be an injustice to the respondent as torts would always be brought against the

Organisational change 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Organisational change 2 - Essay Example one were to google-search the phrase â€Å"what is change?† close to 20 million book entries would align themselves in his computer screen as if one could have the luxury to get to the 20-millionth entry. But indeed, as Stickland (1998) observes as early as in his writing time, change would be a subject that could swiftly expand in treatment and in scope due to the speed with which it would show itself in human activity. In the two decades preceding Stickland’s book publication, the word â€Å"change† has more than doubled its appearance in literature titles (Stickland, 1998). Most book publishers and authors, it is observed, get deep into serious treatment of the subject of change, its nature, its effects and anything it can do, yet miss out on its definition. In fact, Ly (2009) notes that change is a â€Å"phenomenon for which there is no agreed-upon definition.† It is just like saying it is just there; it just happens. It assumes the characteristic of time, that the more people attempt to define it, the more it confuses, making description the easiest way towards understanding. But of course, a few authors made some sincere attempt to define it, if only to have some sense of it. Ly (2009) was resourceful enough to feature some of them. Hanelock defines change as any significant difference in the status quo. Linquist refers to it as a modification of, deletion of, or addition to attitudes and behavior. Morgan defines change as a process or condition of being different between time 1 and time 2. Of course, the most common reference for definitions, Webster, calls change as an act of becoming different. (Ly, 2009). And if man sees change as part of himself and his evolution, never has change been more obvious, pronounced and ubiquitous in organizations than now because of the constantly varying character of the environments they are in. Zimmerman (2011) notes very profoundly that in view of these highly charged surroundings, organizations need to change

Why has it proved so difficult to create an effective International Essay

Why has it proved so difficult to create an effective International Criminal Court - Essay Example It took several meetings between the superior nations such as France, US, UK, China and the Soviet Union to finally agree on the membership terms, bodies and other arrangements that would be necessary to set up the UN, and ensure that it met its international security, social and economic goals. It was officially formed in 1945 with 50 member states and five nations being permanent members and holding the veto power. By 2007, it had 192 member states (Hanhimaki, 2008). The terms and conditions initially set were to be later reviewed and maybe changed or revised, something that has never happened to date. Any decisions made on international security, economic development or social levels have to be approved by the nations holding the veto power first, directly or indirectly before being approved. This has led to power imbalance in the UN with other nations feeling sidelined and having no powers to disagree. The existence and operation of the International Criminal Court (ICC) is one of the issues being disagreed upon by member states. Disagreements surround charges taken to it and how it only handles cases from some states and not from others and especially those holding the veto power, leading to it lacking the impartiality necessary in a court of justice. Its operation therefore lacks consensus making it difficult to exist and perform its roles. The fact that the operation of the court from its inception seems to be controlled by a few members has brought about more questions than answers, and led to creation of issues of mistrust of the so called justice being sought in the court. The ICC comes in to deal with crimes that the national courts cannot be able to handle. This is because of lack of ability of a country to address the heinous criminal acts or because of the lack of a government. The national court may also lack capacity to prosecute their own cases and especially those of higher magnitude because of lack of resources or the lack of

Customer Inserts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Customer Inserts - Research Paper Example The extensive use of this therapy is also a subject of focus within this paper. The paper also tries to categorize this therapy in terms of set models of classifications for treatment of mental illnesses. The various aspects of the therapy which require improvements are covered within the context of the paper. Introduction Schizophrenia can be identified as a chronic mental illness which is characterized by the inability to process thoughts. Individuals suffering from this condition experience various symptoms. These symptoms may include paranoia as a result of mental instability (American Psychiatric Association, 2000 ). The individual gets the impression that others are conspiring against him/her and thus paranoia begins. Other symptoms may include hallucinations, disorganized speech and delusions. Hallucinations come as a result of the individual hearing voices which do not exist. This condition has been associated with a number of factors. Though there exists a small percentage l inked to genetic factors, the condition is immensely associated with substance abuse. The most common drugs associated with this condition include are cannabis and cocaine. Environmental factors like social groups can also be linked to the development of the condition to a small extent. Most of the environmental factors associated though, seem to lead to substance abuse. It is therefore not clear whether there is a direct connection between the environmental factors and schizophrenia. There exist numerous medications which have been used to treat schizophrenia. Being a mental condition, the treatment targets the developed symptoms as there are no viruses or infectious pathogens. The most effective, known methods have been application of first and second generation antipsychotic. These are aimed at getting the individual away from the causative agent. There exist numerous interventions employed commonly in the treatment of this condition. These include cognitive behavioral therapy, s ubstance abuse treatment, family member education, assertive community treatment, training in social skills among others. All these interventions aim at reducing the symptoms displayed by an individual. The intervention Cognitive behavioral therapy is a reality based intervention employed to help people with schizophrenia. It has been extensively used in many cases where symptoms associated with schizophrenia become evident. The king’s college in London developed this intervention. Numerous studies and researches have been undertaken in different parts of the world aiming at providing more information concerning the application of this reality based intervention (Berrios, 1994). This therapy aims at improving cognitive abilities which become drastically reduced by schizophrenia. It targets at restoring the cognitive abilities of an individual suffering from schizophrenia. Supported employment has been profoundly used in the treatment of individuals showing severe symptoms of schizophrenia. Supported employment is part of the cognitive behavioral therapy administered for the treatment of severe mental conditions. Through the use of supported employment, the people with mental illnesses like schizophrenia have been able to maintain competitive employment. The method employed in this study for collecting information was to use individuals with a severe mental condition. Some of the individuals chosen also had to have a history of job failures. They were

Explain why regarding the complex project as a 'system' or 'group of Literature review

Explain why regarding the complex project as a 'system' or 'group of integrated systems' will help us to ensure delivery - Literature review Example Statement of Problem For any Corporation, as well as government or other service institutions the challenge is to deliver specialized services to a particular clientele yet in doing so in an efficient manner. It might be possible for a company to offer extremely favorable terms and financially unsustainable discounts on goods and services in order to attract customers in the short term, but there is a limit to the amount that can be given away as a gesture of goodwill. A company must also demonstrate inefficiency in its operations and organization in order to remain profitable and viable. On the other hand, an operation thinking only of the efficiency and interest of itself and its highest ranking members will be unable to draw new clients/customers competitively. With concern only for the interest of the operation internally, it becomes a virtual impossibility to be attractive to outside customers. Therefore, such an operation will be unable to grow – and will suffer the loss of new business to competitors. There are numerous variations on this theme, but ultimately the construction organization – for any other company providing services to clientele must strike a balance between these extremes. An operation must be efficient enough that the company is able to pay employees while still retaining profit for itself, yet at the same time it must have sought after products or services that it can offer under attractive terms for customers. Achieving this balance is the fundamental factor determining the rise and fall of businesses. Even organizations with only a small number of clients, perhaps a single investor or another company contracting a second company to perform some specific task is not immune to these challenges. Whoever the customers or clients are, they must be sufficiently satisfied to permit repeat business, and yet the organization itself must remain internally viable so that it is able to continue doing business. Neither of these fact ors can be ignored. Achieving this balance requires the deliberate establishment of management structures to ensure the efficient delivery of client objectives through a process of knowledge management (Anumba et al. 2005). In some respects, these twin factors can intertwine in terms of viable solutions to either issue. If a company is able to resolve issues of internal management sufficiently, that its own of viability is insured – it is then able to address the issue of client satisfaction. The reverse also applies; achieving client satisfaction in a sustainable way allows the organization to devote more attention to internal bookkeeping. This investigation will explore the potential of administrative models to address challenges in the delivery of client objectives and services. Fulfilling this dimension of business operations is integral to the success of the enterprise, and ongoing research permits new possibilities to achieve efficiency for client services. Specifically , this investigation will focus on integrated systems for the delivery of client objectives. The balance between customer service and efficiency is hypothesized to be enhanced by a theory of integrated systems for complex project management to achieve the delivery of client objectives. Analysis of the Problem Initially, it is helpful to discuss the systems themselves in order to foster an understanding of

ABC Clinic Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

ABC Clinic - Coursework Example From this paper it is clear that  the work structure of ABC Clinic has two major portions namely, minor surgeries and pre-operation consultation. The capacity of service production for ABC Clinic differs in both their service structures. The consultant doctors can check around 7 patients per hour and works for 5 days a week out of which every Wednesday is scheduled for training and development during the 1st half. Meanwhile, the minor surgeons can perform 4 surgeries per hour on average. Based on this information, it can be calculated that, each day around 56 patients are checked by consultant doctors and 32 surgeries are performed. However, as one of the minor surgeons is off for 2 weeks, the capacity of minor surgeries has reduced by half.   Another factor that influences the capacity of ABC Clinic is that each patient has different needs and thus, the time allocated for each patient is not steady.This study declares that  the activities performed in ABC Clinic after the pati ent is moved from the reception room has been shown. The actvities that follow have two key decision making nodes out of which one rests with the patient, while the other is managed by the consultant doctors. The consultant doctor has to decide if the patient is ready for the surgery or needs further tests and medication before the surgery is performed.  The actvities have a mandatory waiting period of 1 hour after the surgery has been performed.

Explain why regarding the complex project as a 'system' or 'group of Literature review

Explain why regarding the complex project as a 'system' or 'group of integrated systems' will help us to ensure delivery - Literature review Example Statement of Problem For any Corporation, as well as government or other service institutions the challenge is to deliver specialized services to a particular clientele yet in doing so in an efficient manner. It might be possible for a company to offer extremely favorable terms and financially unsustainable discounts on goods and services in order to attract customers in the short term, but there is a limit to the amount that can be given away as a gesture of goodwill. A company must also demonstrate inefficiency in its operations and organization in order to remain profitable and viable. On the other hand, an operation thinking only of the efficiency and interest of itself and its highest ranking members will be unable to draw new clients/customers competitively. With concern only for the interest of the operation internally, it becomes a virtual impossibility to be attractive to outside customers. Therefore, such an operation will be unable to grow – and will suffer the loss of new business to competitors. There are numerous variations on this theme, but ultimately the construction organization – for any other company providing services to clientele must strike a balance between these extremes. An operation must be efficient enough that the company is able to pay employees while still retaining profit for itself, yet at the same time it must have sought after products or services that it can offer under attractive terms for customers. Achieving this balance is the fundamental factor determining the rise and fall of businesses. Even organizations with only a small number of clients, perhaps a single investor or another company contracting a second company to perform some specific task is not immune to these challenges. Whoever the customers or clients are, they must be sufficiently satisfied to permit repeat business, and yet the organization itself must remain internally viable so that it is able to continue doing business. Neither of these fact ors can be ignored. Achieving this balance requires the deliberate establishment of management structures to ensure the efficient delivery of client objectives through a process of knowledge management (Anumba et al. 2005). In some respects, these twin factors can intertwine in terms of viable solutions to either issue. If a company is able to resolve issues of internal management sufficiently, that its own of viability is insured – it is then able to address the issue of client satisfaction. The reverse also applies; achieving client satisfaction in a sustainable way allows the organization to devote more attention to internal bookkeeping. This investigation will explore the potential of administrative models to address challenges in the delivery of client objectives and services. Fulfilling this dimension of business operations is integral to the success of the enterprise, and ongoing research permits new possibilities to achieve efficiency for client services. Specifically , this investigation will focus on integrated systems for the delivery of client objectives. The balance between customer service and efficiency is hypothesized to be enhanced by a theory of integrated systems for complex project management to achieve the delivery of client objectives. Analysis of the Problem Initially, it is helpful to discuss the systems themselves in order to foster an understanding of

The safety issues in the Ford Motor Company Essay

The safety issues in the Ford Motor Company - Essay Example In addition, the company is likely measuring the costs of replacing the part to the amount of money it might cost to pay off those who are injured or die in car accidents. Casualty costs sometimes are less than fixing a problem.  I understand your concerns and I am going to take a look at the issue with what you have told me and consider some of the ethical issues you are facing.  Ã‚   The first issue that we need to discuss is the idea that a cost/benefit analysis is appropriate where safety is concerned. According to the cost/benefit analysis that has been done on this vehicle and its safety issue with the placement of the engine, it is expected that there will be 180 deaths and 180 injured. These deaths are valued at 200,000.00 and the injuries at 67,000.00. Although that seems low, even twice that would equal less than the expected cost of putting in the part that would have saved all those lives and injuries. The question that arises is how a dollar value can be put on a dea th when that death could have been prevented? A death that happens when that is the result of the faulty design, but was not expected nor the system evaluated for that risk may create a dollar value to a jury when taken into a court of law. How should that be valued? Harley, I hate to say this but I believe it is your responsibility to go to the public before the car is released and let the world know that if they buy this piece of machinery they are vulnerable to this design flaw that can easily take their life.... How should that be valued? Harley, I hate to say this but I believe it is your responsibility to go to the public before the car is released and let the world know that if they buy this piece of machinery they are vulnerable to this design flaw that can easily take their life. This car has been rushed into production at a quick pace in order to compete with Volkswagen. In addition, I have already heard that they are lobbying in Congress to make sure that certain government safety standards are not made into regulations, which would affect their design and force them to make the car safe (Dowie, 1977). This vehicle is not meeting any form of reasonable safety standards, let alone expected regulations from the government and even though they are not yet in place, they should be considered when thinking about releasing this care into the public. The ethics of an engineer are important to think about as you face this dilemma. It is your responsibility to create objects that are safe to t he general public. Having knowledge about a vehicle that is not constructed in a safe manner makes you responsible for that knowledge and for whatever else happens if you fail to act. The first code of ethics for an engineer is that it is the responsibility of the engineer to uphold the safety for the public with which they have been entrusted. This would mean that you have an obligation to make sure this vehicle never emerges into the market. The problem with this decision is that it is going to come into conflict with another ethical mandate that you do not reveal information about the products of your clients and that you â€Å"Act as a faithful agent† of your client (Canadian Engineering Qualifications Board, 2012, p. 3). I think that the public safety is going to come before

Premarital Sex Essay Example for Free

Premarital Sex Essay Premarital sex is a huge problem in society today; the numbers are staggering. Among people who have been married, a raging ninety- three percent of men, and eighty percent of women (between ages eighteen and fifty-four) have lost their virginity before their honeymoon. Teens everywhere are not waiting until they are married to have sex. Teenagers are saying, ‘sex is fun’ and ‘everybody is doing it’. Teens are less developed, emotionally and physically before having sex, and they are not prepared for the serious problems that come along with their decision to have sex. There are always consequences when a teenager chooses to have sex. Teenagers, according to some polls, view premarital sex as acceptable as long as ‘two people love each other’. If at age sixteen a teenager tells a parent or someone older that they are in love, the parent will laugh and say that no teenager at sixteen has experienced true love. Love is something one experiences when one is mature and ready for a life-long commitment, not when one is involved in a two-year high school crush. Premarital sex is based on selfishness, not on love†. If one has passionate feelings for someone, one may feel the need to have intercourse with that person. Teens need to open their eyes and see the harmful effects of premarital sex. Premarital sex hurts you, running the risk of getting diseases and it profoundly scars you emotionally, by cutting you off from God. Some teenage girls are saying, Oh I’ll be fine, I am on birth control and we used a condom; there are no worries. No form of contraception can prevent a heart from being broken and a soul from being lost. Sexuality is an instinct imprinted into the genes of each living creature. Attraction to the opposite sex has been the key factor behind reproduction and survival of each species. Most of the species are born with only seasonal sexual necessities. They mate and reproduce only at limited times a year. Human beings, on the other hand, have active sexual instincts throughout his/her life; right from the very day he/she discovers his/her sexuality in pre-adulthood. This instinct has found overpowering the cultural advancement we have gained over the past. Sexuality is only sexuality for all other animals, but human beings have restricted forms of sexuality like pre-marital sexuality and extra-marital sexuality. The main reason behind introducing this restriction is that unlike all other animals we live in a civilized society with strict norms of morality and cultural obligations. The society always long for mature relationships and mutual respect between each member of this society. The main goal behind bringing in the sexual restrictions is that each member of this society should be treated with dignity and not as instruments of fulfilling lust. II. Body Meaning Though a human being gains the physical maturity of procreation at the beginning of puberty, he/she is considered eligible for mating and reproduction much later may be after 18 years of age or 20. And also the society insists that a sexual practice outside a marriage is improper and illegal at times. Premarital sexuality is any sexual activity with an opposite sex partner or with a same sex partner before he/she has started a married life. The term is usually used to refer the intercourse before the legal age of a marriage. Adults who presumably marry eventually also fall under this definition.

Should the U.S. Subsidize Public Grazing? Essay -- Farming Agricultur

Should the U.S. Subsidize Public Grazing? Public grazing has sparked disagreement ever since the first cattlemen came west. Whether the criticism came from fellow ranchers and homesteaders, or from the government and environmentalists, there have always been problems with the use of public resources. The United States should subsidize grazing on public lands. Opponents to subsidized grazing cite the economic and environmental benefits that would emerge if the grazing was to be greatly reduced or stopped. However, proponents of subsidized public grazing cite equally important benefits favoring the continuation of the program. The benefits of subsidized grazing extend beyond the rancher that holds the permit. Subsidized grazing occurs when the government leases public land to a rancher for the purpose of grazing. The grazing fee on the land is usually lower than comparable private land fees. The first public grazing in the United States was created by the Forest Service through the Timberland Reserve program in 1891 (Thomas 1994). Grazing fees were not charged until 1906 (The Secretary of Agriculture & Secretary of The Interior 1986). In 1934, the Taylor Grazing Act was created to establish control over grazing on public lands. The Independent Agencies Appropriations Act of 1952 stated that the grazing fees needed to be â€Å"self-sustaining, uniform, and fair and equitable to the public and user.† (The Secretary of Agriculture & Secretary of The Interior 1986) The concept of fair to both the public and the user is where the public grazing disagreement begins. Opponents to the public grazing program insist that the program is ineffective, a waste of money, detrimental to the land, and does not benefit enough of the public. ... ...ign. (2006, October 26). www.publiclandsranching.org Sparshott, J. (2003, December 8). Agricultural subsidies targeted. The Washington Times. Retrieved October 26, 2006, from http://www.washtimes.com/business/20031207-114046-8545r.htm The Beckoning (1997, February 24). The Debate of Western Ranching Economics. Retrieved October 26, 2006, from http://www.thebeckoning.com/environment/cattle/economic.html The Secretary of Agriculture & The Secretary of The Interior. (1986). Grazing Fee Review and Evaluation Final Report 1979-1985. Department of Agriculture Forest Service & Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management. 77. Thomas, H. S. (1994). History of public land grazing. Rangelands, 16(6), 250-255. Wikipedia (2006, October 24). Agricultural Subsidy Wikipedia. Retrieved October 26, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy

The Red Room :: English Literature

The Red Room I am writing an essay, based on the story ‘The Red Room’, and will try to explain what makes it such a good mystery story. Some of the main reasons for why it’s a great story include the vocabulary and words the author has used and the setting that the story is created in. The author uses gothic language, giving the story more suspense; he also sets the story in a haunted setting which builds up tension. The story was written by HG Wells, between the turn of the 20th century. HG Wells was an English author and a political philosopher; he was most famous for his science fiction romances. Wells gets across his ideas of the red room in many ways throughout the story. ‘The Red room’ belongs to the gothic genre. A gothic novel emphasises mystery and horror and it is filled with ghost haunted rooms, just as ‘The Red Room’ does. They also have underground passages, secret stair ways and so on. The genre builds up a mount of tension in the story where the description of the house gives the impression that it is old and abandoned. The old woman says, ‘eight and twenty years you have lived and never seen the likes of this house’. This illustrates that the house must be historic and it could also be decaying. The story of ‘The Red Room’ is written in first person, this suggests that the reader believes it’s from personal experience and knows what they’re feeling. At the beginning of the story, the main character (also the narrator) is open minded and sure of himself. He believes that there are no ghosts. He is very cynical, which is shown when he refuses to believe what the three old pensioners tell him. The anonymous character is referred to as `I’ as we don’t know how these pensioners know him or who he is. This leaves him with no identity, making readers think he’s mysterious. The character says ‘I can assure you said I, that it will take a very tangible ghost to frighten me.’ The author uses very expressive words in his writing and uses the adjective `tangible’; this means you can touch the ghost. You cannot touch ghosts genuinely and this is why the author uses this adjective, because the character believes ghosts are not real. The character feels unsure when the three old pensioners make him feel uncomfortable. He says `the three old pensioners made me feel uncomfortable.' This explains that the character is not made to feel at ease. It also brings out that the old pensioners are quite

Law Enforcement Today Essay

Law enforcement is something that is needed in our country. As time has passed, crime rates have gone up. New types of crimes are created by just about anything. Let’s take a look at an example of a new crime starting up. People who are driving and texting is now becoming a crime. This may seem like something minor, but it can lead to something horrible, like the cause to a fatal accident. The driver who was busy texting his buddy that he was on the way to the bar could of caused him to get to close to another car and crash into it, causing vehicle damages and even death. With technology advancing, crime has gone up with it as well. Now people commit crime online by stealing credit card numbers and even a person’s identity. Our law enforcement agencies now have to stay on top of things in today’s world, because if they don’t, the bad guys will win. Our law enforcement agencies are made up of local, state, and federal. They interact with the U. S. Department of Homeland Security to ensure success with enforcing the law and keeping communities safe. They might not have the best relationship but there can be ways to improve that. Many people do not really understand the importance of law enforcement until they desperately need them to help in their time of need. Some of the things that we do not understand are that the law enforcement officers face many challenges in today’s society. Our officers have to go through much training to be where they are at today. They have witnessed horrible crimes that could possibly leave them traumatized for life. Aside from that, they face issues of racial profiling, extreme dangers during work hours, and learning how to deal with stress and facing a multicultural society. These officers have to suppress their emotions from what they face every day. They might even have to keep their business private from family members or they could face some type of judgment. People already act different toward any police officer. In some people’s eyes, the police are the bad guys. It is understandable because there have been many corrupt police officers that make it hard for the good guys. Some people feel that if the officer is a certain race, the officer will be for their own race and against theirs. For instance, a black police officer may be judged on his skin color and the citizens might feel that officer is protecting the black criminals. We have many law enforcement agencies with good people who are doing their best to serve and protect the people. The local law enforcement consists of different agencies, like the city police department, county sheriff’s office, transit authority police, school district police, and university police. Those are just a few. The state enforcement agencies consist of the attorney general, highway patrols, and department of criminal justice and there are more. The federal law enforcement agencies consist of the U. S. Department of Homeland Security, U. S. Immigration and Customers Enforcement, the FBI, and more. All of these agencies work together to keep our country balanced and in order. The Department of Homeland Security has the local, state, and federal agencies set to handle situations that involve natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other types of disasters created by people. All agencies have a person who supports or recommends causes or policies that have to be enforced. These agencies are also provided with a point of contact for DHS in case of any situation arising that might involve them. With the law enforcement agencies working together, crime can be controlled and even prevented. I think if the police departments could be trained more on what the DHS does, maybe the relationship between them could become better. A way to build a better relationship would be to empower state and local agencies to have more power over things so in case of some type of terrorism or natural disaster, they will know what to do. Communication is a big factor in building the relationship between the agencies and DHS. If the right information is passed along the departments, this could allow for everyone to stay up-to-date with current crime and could possibly be prevented in the future, or help to better handle the situation once it happens. The relationship between law enforcement agencies and the people of our country needs to be improved as well. Many people do not realize what these officers go through. If a relationship bond could be formed with the people and the agencies, then that could also help for crimes to be stopped and prevented. Ensuring the safety of our country is what we need to focus on. There are too many crimes going on where it is basically our people against each other and that needs to stop. References http://www. golawenforcement. com/LawEnforcementAgencies. htm http://www. spiritofthelaw. org/sol1art6. html http://www. golawenforcement. com/StateAgencies/TexasLawEnforcement. htm http://www. dhs. gov/xlibrary/assets/foia/plcy_directive_252-11_office_for_state_and_local_law_enforcement. pdf http://www. heritage. org/research/reports/2011/08/homeland-security-4-0-overcoming-centralization-complacency-and-politics Schmalleger, F. 2011 Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Te4xt for the 21st Century

Evidence of Neocolonialism in African Trade Relations Essay

Athow Brian and Robert G. Blanton present their study of African trade relations before and after European colonialism in â€Å"Colonial Style and Colonial Legacies: Trade Patterns in British and French Africa. † This study is quite important as it is an effort to scientifically assess the colonial trade legacy in a comparative manner. In fact, it is the only research of its kind analyzing trade relations of previously colonized states of Africa between 1938 and 1985. The authors’ goal is to discover whether neocolonialism continues to exist in the previously colonized African states with respect to trade relations. In other words, do the previously colonized African states continue to depend on the colonialists for trade? The underdevelopment of Africa is attributable to many factors, including the fact that it takes economically powerful governments with a strong sense of their goals to empower their people and develop nations. It is a well-known fact that the European colonialists had their own interests at heart. Their mercenary objectives could not accommodate the goal of developing Africa. African states that came to be ruled by Europeans were forced to produce agricultural goods as well as raw materials to meet European demands alone. The â€Å"traditional agricultural economies† of the colonized states of Africa were forced by French and British colonialists to start specializing in cash crops that were solely meant for export. Although the French and British colonialists came to hold significant political power over the African people, the local needs of the latter were utterly disregarded. No wonder, although Africa continues to appear lush green to the human eye, its people suffer from severe hunger. After all, their needs have been disregarded even after independence was attained from the European colonialists. As a matter of fact, the authors of â€Å"Colonial Style and Colonial Legacies† found that the African states that were previously colonized by the French continue to have France as their chief trading partner. Similarly, African states that were previously colonized by the British continue to trade with the British in addition to other states that had been colonized by the British. What is more, the trading style of the colonialists continues to be used by the African states that were colonized by the French and the British. French colonies of Africa were under a centralized rule. For this reason, they continue to consider France as their chief trading partner. British rule was decentralized to a large extent. Moreover, the British had already established trade relations between the African colonized states and other nations across the world that had been colonized by the British. These trading patterns continue to this day, which is the reason why the authors of â€Å"Colonial Style and Colonial Legacies† refer to neocolonialism in African trade relations. According to the authors, old habits die hard. Africa continues to suffer from severe poverty because its resources do not support the Africans. Rather, previously colonized African states continue to produce for the French and the British peoples. Africans are dependent on the moneys they receive for the goods they export to France and Britain, in addition to previously colonized British states in other parts of the world. Seeing that Africa appears to be on the losing side of this deal, the article, â€Å"Colonial Style and Colonial Legacies† calls for massive structural changes in the political and trade patterns applied in Africa today. It would take African governments to develop a strong sense of their goals to achieve economic independence for the Africans – this time having the interests of their own people at heart. Bibliography Brian, Athow, and Robert G. Blanton. â€Å"Colonial Style and Colonial Legacies: Trade Patterns in British and French Africa. † Journal of Third World Studies (Fall 2002). Available from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200210/ai_n9134671. Internet; accessed 27 November 2008.

International Environment Essay

Entrepreneurial activities and innovation has drastically changed the international competitiveness of Brazilian companies which has taken the country’s economy beyond its agricultural sector. Technology has drastically changed in Brazil because of which many foreign firms have started investing in the country. A research conducted by the Research Institute on Applied Economics (IPEA) studied 1200 industrial firms in Brazil and compared them to similar firms in Mexico and Argentina, results showed Brazilian firms to be very competitive in medium and high technology products in the international export market (Wright 2007). The report by Wright (2007) also states that Brazil has limited product development activities due to its weak capital market structure however it has a very strong research base on the supply-side which helps them in producing innovative goods. In computer markets Brazil is fifth largest in the world; it is also investing domestically in emerging technologies hence posing great opportunities for global investment (Fried, 2008). Technology Environment in Singapore The technological environment of Singapore has advanced exponentially in the past few years; e-commerce transactions have greatly increased in areas such as internet trading and internet banking (The Economist 2007). The government in its Information and Communication Technology 21 (ICT21) master plan of 2000 planned on positioning Singapore as a global capital of communication and information technology by 2010 (The Economist). This clearly shows the level of research and development activity in the country and the impact it will have, and has had, in the transfer of technology with respect to global investment; in July 2000 the Economic Development Board Investment setup M-Commerce Ventures to further foreign investment.

Living Abroad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Living Abroad - Essay Example Access to other states provides the freedom of choice to those people who are not content with limits and intend to broaden own mind. Because traveling is not just a matter of good time-spending, it is also a process of studying, which assists to elaborate new kind of perception, comprehension and emotional arousal. When a person visits various places all over the world, he gets acquainted with foreign culture, lifestyle, customs, morals and manners. This in its turn makes him wiser, more mature and intelligent, enabling to come up with totally new ideas, thoughts, attitudes and sometimes absolutely new dreams. The more a man sees, the faster he saturates own mind with knowledge that helps him to develop own personality and grow. Nature gave us unlimited abilities. That is why our task is to improve ourselves no matter what level we have already reached. Regrettably, not everybody has inner intention to get smarter and more educated, but those who really have it try to perceive as mu ch information as possible. And partly we are able to implement the mentioned plan with a help of different people during communicational process and various places that have own history and events. Therefore, traveling contains several functions, one of which is experience along with self-development. Being an everlasting dreamer by nature, I have a list of goals that should be attained on specific stages of my life. The biggest of them is to make a trip all around the world. It is definitely not an easy scheme, which can take a lot of time, but I am absolutely confident that this dream is worthy having a try. In my opinion, there is nothing so amazingly impressing than to admire foreign countries, hearing another language, searching for places of interest, tasting national food, trying to have a chat with local citizens, and just wandering with a map from one street to another in a hope to find the right direction. Traveling is not just another kind of entertainment, for many peop le it is a real way of life without which they can not imagine own existence. Visiting other countries manages to broaden person’s outlook, making him stronger and capable of great endurance to changing conditions of surrounding atmosphere. It is not random that usually a man who travels a lot turns out to be rather interesting interlocutor, because his way of life allows him to be aware about many things that are hardly known for those people who never go out of native town. A traveler can teach you a lot due to his wide experience and high intelligence. Such person is steadier to foreign environment and there is less possibility that different stressful situations will be able to break him down and push to give up. When you see many things, you become ready for unpredictable issues, which for stay-at-home people can be unsolvable. That is why traveling gives you a considerable advantage, endowing with knowledge that can become essential and rather useful in the future. For example, it is known that each country has its own rules and ethics which need to be followed when you make a visit or deal with people originated there. Hence, in China it is considered to be normal when a person leaves some food on his plate, which means that he is full up and content with master’s hospitality. This is a sign of respect and gratitude. However, in United States of America such gesture can be accepted as offence. People may think that you did not eat up because in your opinion the food was not delicious, even